To date, expansions of tri-, tetra- and penta-nucleotide repeats of this class have been identified as the mutations causing myotonic dystrophy (DM) types 1 and 2 (DM1 and 2), HD like-2 (HDL-2), fragile X tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) and spinocerebellar ataxia types 8, 10 and 12.
Expansion within haplogroup P seems to pre-date expansion within the sub-haplogroups of macro-haplogroup T, which appears to have occurred around the time of domestication in the Near East [6], [8], [16].
Whatever the eventual date, the expansion of the last decade will surpass the previous record of eight years and two months in the 1960's.
The extremist group, formed in Iraq in 2006 as a broad jihadist front that includes al-Qaeda in Iraq, has had its best year to date for expansion.
But now the orcas of the Salish sea face what conservationists say is their biggest threat to date: an expansion proposal for a pipeline that would snake from Alberta to the Pacific coast.
To date, habitat expansion in the United Kingdom has been on a case-by-case basis, without consideration of the current state, in terms of biodiversity, or the future sustainability of the habitat reserve.
The estimated date of expansion calculated from τ based on the mismatch distribution for South American harpy eagles is 60 000 BP (99 000–36 000 BP 95% CI) and falls entirely within the last ice age and more specifically, well before the last glacial maximum (LGM) of 22 000–19 500 BP [46].
We collected and analyzed data for Sox group B from 36 species of 12 phyla representing the major metazoan clades, with an emphasis on arthropods, to reconstruct the evolutionary history of SoxB in bilaterians and to date the expansion of Sox group B in insects.
In this latter case, the majority of the copies lie at orthologous sites, allowing us to date the expansion of this lineage prior to speciation.
The C-terminus strong conservation leads to the assumption that all the related genes derive by duplication events from a common ancestor, but the identity of this ancestral gene and the date of expansion can only be hypothesized.
However, since most of the observed intraspecific variability was in third positions, which presumably mutate more rapidly, we also estimated their substitution rate to date the expansion events more accurately.
