The median intensity data were corrected for background using a normal-exponential convolution model with method "normexp", offset = 50 using the function backgroundCorrect, and loess-normalized using the function normalizeWithinArrays, after which the data were normalized for between-array normalization using vsn (variance stabilization) [ 31, 37, 38].
Data were normalized for each sample so that the summed total intensity equaled 1 for all samples.
Data were normalized for each sample so that the summed total magnitude equaled 1 for all samples, and PCA was conducted according to a previously published method [36].
The data were normalized for bacterial size, and experiments were performed in triplicate.
The Western blots were semi-quantitatively analyzed by densitometry, and all data were normalized for RasGAP.
Data were normalized for values detected 6 hours after addition of alamarBlue reagent.
The data were normalized for equal numbers of reads per sample.
Ahead of the analysis, frequency data were normalized for each allele by dividing the offset from mean with standard deviation.
Data were normalized for the β-gal activity, which was measured using the β-gal assay system from Promega.
For experiments that involved manipulation of one of the legs (carrageenan or capsaicin injection), the data were normalized for each animal as maximum possible effect (MPE).
Data were normalized for expression of internal controls, i.e. the average value of β-actin and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPdH).
