Different from data-based protection schemes, the event-based protection scheme enables each power unit to identify the type of a fault automatically [75].
The s-Travel initiative, an EC-funded smart card and biometric project designed to secure passenger travel, has run into difficulty following a ruling by Greek data protection officials that the scheme is illegal.
The pilot stage of the s-Travel initiative, an EC-funded biometric project designed to secure passenger travel, has ground to a halt in Greece following a ruling by local data protection officials that the scheme is illegal.
European data protection watchdogs have described the scheme as "the first large-scale and indiscriminate collection of personal data in the history of the European Union", and it is regarded as a major security development for the EU.
Unit protection can be classified as data-based and event-based protection schemes [73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78].
Since the protection of biometric reference data is of particular concern in order to safeguard individuals' privacy, biometric template protection schemes are designed to handle biometric reference data in an irreversible and unlinkable manner.
Each has its place in the overall scheme of network and data protection and each continues to evolve to meet the new threats that are constantly arising.
The new protection schemes must be equipped efficient data monitoring, communication and intelligence and are known as wide area measurement protection and control.
This article, consisting of three parts, will comment on how the opportunities offered by multi-application smart card schemes can be reconciled with data protection requirements.
Comparisons between countries also pose a challenge due to the diversity of UHC designs, migration profiles, and migrant protection schemes, not to mention the reliability of data on migration.
