Furthermore, the schema evolution problem and its impact on data access, processing, integration, and analysis in a data lake is often overlooked, and its solution largely remains manual [7, 28, 30].
Smart cities can benefit from such information using big, and often real-time, cross-thematic data collection, processing, integration and sharing through inter-operable services deployed in a cloud environment.
In this regard, some of the possible components for cloud based big data mining or analysis can be data processing / integration, classification, clustering, data reduction, visualisation, and finding association rules as depicted in Figure 3.
After simple data processing and integration, CH nodes send data to next-level CHs until data reaches the sink node.
The paper first describes the data used in the empirical investigation, including study sites, data sources, and data processing and integration.
Fig. 2 Data processing and integration of imported 3D models and information data Fig. 3 Information data and 3D models linked with the specific ID so that the user can find an object's information data by clicking the 3D models or searching by its ID.
Initial data processing and integration were conducted using HKL2000, with the resolution limits determined by inspection.
Founded in 2011, Delair now has 180 employees selling its UX11 mapping drone, data processing software and enterprise integration services to get businesses properly equipped with unmanned aerial vehicles.
Each timeframe is given a period name to emphasis the impact IT had on business; these include electronic data processing (60s), automation (70s), integration and diversification (80s), and contagion (90s).
