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This paper is one of the first to use employer-employee data on wages and labor productivity to measure discrimination against immigrants.
Getting data on wages is tricky.
The latest data on wages and employment explain why.
The theory was born out by government data on wages.
"The self-employed, for example, aren't even included in the government's official data on wages.
For comparison, here's some data on wages of men by education from EPI: Not the perfect comparison, but good enough.
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The ONS data on wage growth was also weaker than many expected.
This matters when the latest data on wage growth of total earnings showed a dramatic slowing from 2.9% in November to 1.9% in December.
The benign nature of wage growth is confirmed by data on wage settlements and reports from various companies I have visited across Britain in my role as a member of the monetary policy committee.
On 13 August the ONS published the latest data on wage growth, which showed that average weekly earnings in June had gone negative: minus 0.2 per cent on the year, down from 1.9 per cent in March.
The situation is awkward for Abe at a time when his government is under fire for allegedly manipulating data on wage increases to suggest his economic policies were yielding better results than was actually the case.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com