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The Department of Work and Pensions holds information about people's benefit entitlements while HM Revenue and Customs holds data on tax returns.
Using detailed data on tax, unemployment and military conscription, the authors were able to analyse the investment choices of those affected by Finland's "Great Depression".
Every eligible voter in Emmen, population 27,000, has received a booklet containing family photographs and intensely personal data on tax status, salary, background and hobbies for each of the 56 people in the town seeking naturalization.
The latest data on tax and spending, published on Thursday, showed that buoyant revenues from stamp duty and VAT, have allowed the Treasury to borrow almost £6bn less between April and October than during the same period last year.
In 2008, for example, Germany purchased data on tax evaders from a bank official based in Liechtenstein, which caused a major diplomatic dispute between Germany and the tiny state.
But many have questioned the accuracy of the official data, given that it is based on annual survey returns rather than actual data on tax returns and benefit claims.
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In the extractives sector, additional progress on transparency has been made by the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), which requires governments and companies to publish data on taxes and royalties from oil, gas and mining operations.
Data on tax-paid sickness benefit compensation granted in the municipality of domicile are pooled in a central database.
In recent years, investigators spent millions of euros on stolen banking data to obtain information on tax evaders.
Data on energy taxes, electricity taxes and motor vehicle taxes are taken from [51, 52], data on road taxes for trucks from [53] and data on environmental costs from [50].
While Mr. Gross' view is widely shared on Wall Street and by economists, it does not square with the facts if you really understand the data based on tax receipts that flow into the U.S. Treasury.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com