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In their new book, Mr. Shulman and Mr. Bowen cite the example of "a representative nonscholarship school for which we have complete data on all applicants".
But now colleges and universities, especially with financial aid forms, have access to a wide array of data on all applicants and can potentially get a much more personalized look at the disadvantages each individual has overcome.
For the present paper, the analysis of the 1981 and 1986 cohort data considers data on all applicants who replied to our questionnaires, whereas the 1991 cohort, which was very much larger, considers only those questionnaire respondents who entered medical school (although we will generally refer to this group as 'applicants' since that reflects the time at which the questionnaire was completed).
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For McManus, permanent UK residents were studied, including those 21 and over; Gallagher et al. used data for all applicants and ages; and we concentrated on UK residents younger than 21.
We analyze unique data for all applicants and enrollees within the University of California (UC) system before and after Prop 209.
The effect is a little smaller, albeit broadly similar, to the overall effects found at GCSE (B.151) and A level (B.141) in the YCS, and at A level in the UCAS data for all applicants (B.140), for applicants taking chemistry (B.151), although it is substantially lower than in medical school applicants (B.282).
For the initial study period (1998-2012), examination performance data for all applicants was obtained from the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) via the ECFMG Master Database.
Data on an applicant are sent from the American consulate in the applicant's country to the Federal Bureau of Investigation and "other agencies"—a bureaucratic euphemism for the intelligence agencies.
UCAS provided data on all 1,484,650 university applicants for the years 2003 to 2005, of whom 528,691 applicants were home applicants aged under 21 who had attained three or four A levels, excluding General Studies (3 A levels, n = 473,781; 4 A levels, n = 54,910).
We use data on overseas applicants in Business Studies and Engineering from 2002 to 2007, to 97 UK universities.
The econometric analysis uses survey data on patent applicants at the European Patent Office and addresses the identification problem caused by differences in firms' propensity to patent.
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