However, the dearth of data on peer research in practice has left unanswered questions regarding the authenticity of community participation, how power differentials are addressed, and how participation may affect community members in unanticipated ways (Roche 2008; Greene et al. 2009).
The Royal Society relied heavily on data of peer-reviewed research papers, examining the roughly 18,000 journals world-wide for which at least the abstract was available in English.
It looked at selective use of data, subverting of peer review, and failure to respond fully to requests under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).
Student performance data, observations of peer discussion, and interviews with students revealed that adding clickers to a small-enrollment course 1) increases the chance students will do the required reading before class, 2) helps the instructor engage all students in the class, and 3) gives students a focused opportunity to share thinking and to learn from their peers.
Descriptive analysis of routinely collected data for peer supporter contacts and breastfeeding outcomes before and after the incentive intervention triangulated and retrospectively provided the context for the qualitative thematic analysis.
An individual's unique number (known only to the employment agencies, the Company and the worker) benchmarks staff against the anonymised data of their peers.
The Query Service maintains relevant data of mobile peers.
A general problem of this kind of data from peer review processes is that they are not cleaned and contain several name variants.
Beyond self-report and sensor data, real-time social media exchanges represent an understudied source of data on channels of peer and social influence relevant to understanding, for example, the spread of risky drinking behavior in a network (see the article by Moreno).
An explanatory model arising from the data grouped facilitation of peer learning into four broad mechanisms: using educator skills; offering a safe place to learn; pushing for change; and reflecting on self.
An alternative approach, adopted by F1000Research, is to publish the paper (and data) in advance of peer review and then publish the (named) reviewers' comments when these are available.
