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The genotypes of all individual Asplenium and Garovaglia samples were scored as absence/presence for 444 and 905 markers, respectively, and formatted as a binary data matrix (Table S1).
The heuristic search option (random stepwise addition, multistate taxa interpreted as polymorphism) was used for the final analysis [see the Supporting Information for the list of apomorphies (Text S1), character list (Text S2), data matrix (Table S1), and the consensus tree (Figure S1) of all the included taxa, along with the bootstrap values].
Let M' a data matrix (Table 2).
The diversification index (Fst) between the seven studied species was calculated using the combined data matrix (Table 2).
In some cases, pre-existing sequences from GenBank were used to complete the data matrix (Table 1).
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We developed data matrices and charts using Microsoft Word, but MAXqda2007 now includes a facility to construct data matrices, tables and other visual models [ 28].
In the most straightforward example, a QuantLayer within the protein (or peptide) lists capture data across all replicates in a data matrix (or table), where the rows of the table are individual proteins (say) and the columns are the replicate measures.
During the first step, we make a preprocessing of M' to obtain the data matrix M (Table 3).
The final result of data processing is a data matrix, a table that contains all samples and analytical features (i.e., metabolite-derived signals).
Faced with a cases-by-variables data matrix (as in Table 1) the analyst seeks to summarise, simplify and explain.
We build data composites based on the following versions of the original data matrix (overviewed in Table 1): (A) uncentered-unscaled, (B) uncentered-scaled, (C) centered-unscaled, (D) centered-scaled.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com