The first balancing loop (B1) represents the limitation caused by the additional time needed for data standardisation before study start-up.
Researchers participating in the study received training for data collection standardisation and collected data were analysed centrally.
For standardisation of data extraction we adopted the Cochrane Consumers and Communication Review extraction template, modified it by the recommendations in the HuGE Review Handbook for abstracting genetic information, pilot tested five randomly selected included studies, and refined it accordingly.
As for land cover data, such standardisation initiatives go beyond the influence of individual scientists and require internationally coordinated methods and efforts that include data agencies and policy-makers.
In the present study, the time and cost necessary for implementing data standardisation were analysed from the perspective of academic research.
Our results demonstrate the clear need for standardisation in reporting of adherence data that are based on pill counts.
In 1993, for example, the CEN/TC251 WG3 (Comité Européen de Normalisation European, Committee for Standardisation, Technical Committee 251) reviewed several data exchange formats for healthcare applications.
28 For the UL-LOS we especially used the variable 'expected length of stay', which is generated by indirect standardisation based on the following three patient characteristics, which are the most important characteristics for standardisation of length of stay data 29: Age: divided into five categories: 0, 15 44 15–45 645–65+ 65+ years.
Meanwhile, the Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise IHEE) initiative [4] provides a profile of portable data for imaging (PDI) for the necessary standardisation for portable data exchange [5].
The inconsistency of recording 10 and 30 min PA data for the single-item measure reduces standardisation, potentially leading to errors in data analysis.
