(David) Generally clinicians reported it was essential to use more than one assessment and more than one form of data collection and cultural factors impact all of these (see Figure 1).
In particular, five topics are addressed: sampling procedures, conceptual equivalence, linguistic equivalence, data collection procedures and cultural differences in response style.
Interview protocols were pilot-tested with Indian and Filipino health professionals, respectively, before starting the data collection, to ensure cultural appropriateness [ 51].
All enumerators will be trained in the technical details of survey data collection and in cultural sensitivities of the local context (how to approach people, their mannerisms and language, that their personal attire should align with the local cultural expectations and not be offensive).
No matter the project phase - conception, design, data collection or analysis - cultural consideration must be given (Johnston, 2014).
Sampling bias, different data collection methods and tools, cultural and language barriers and ethical considerations are concerns in refugee research that usually affect the findings and these studies are no exception [ 51, 52].
Nevertheless, in addition to explaining disconcordance between several methods of data collection as a (cross-cultural) validity problem, the possibility that different methods of data collection may provide different outcomes received little attention.
Data collectors were required to work evening and weekends, to be responsive to the schedules of the families, and all were rigorously trained on the data collection process, crisis management, and cultural sensitivity.
Apparent cultural resistance to registration can be considerable, making data collection problematic if context and culture are not sensitively addressed.
Prior to the start of data collection, the committee reviewed and approved cultural modifications to the questionnaire.
