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Similarly, protozoan [ 43, 44] and fungal [ 45] DAS studies often target conserved 18S rRNA gene regions.
Akin to early bacteriological DAS studies, only culturable fungal species associated with illnesses have been studied in detail.
The extraordinary genomic diversity of viruses precludes the amplification of universally conserved genes and the ability to take a complete viral census of a sample; however, primers that are specific to large phylogenetic groups, such as the picorna-like virus superfamily, have enabled large-scale viral DAS studies of previously uncharacterized viral populations (Table 1) [ 33].
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Similar to most of the C-DA studies, the items were in multiple choice format.
Although Kozulin and Garb (2002) did not use computers in their experiment, their study influenced C-DA studies.
DA studies show that verbalization and elaborated feedback are two of the most powerful elements of mediated learning experiences.
Despite valuable insights gained from the few C-DA studies, the effectiveness of C-DA sessions is still not very clear.
The above findings are consistent with those found in the previous L2 C-DA studies (e.g., Poehner and Lantolf 2013; Poehner et al. 2014; Teo 2012).
CONCLUSION: There seemed to be no association between DA and risk of death or disease progression in this meta-analysis of individual patient data from DA studies conducted in CIA, the approved indication for ESAs in oncology.
Like other DA studies (e.g., Ableeva 2008; Ableeva & Lantolf 2011; Gibbons 2003), this study showed that with supportive interactions, for instance, in the pre- and while-testing phases, effective learning can take place and that targeting the activation of the learners' cognitive and metacognitive strategies to overcome the testing difficulties.
The primary outcome measure, decisional conflict, was measured with a low-literacy decisional conflict scale [ 52] previously used in other DA studies [ 53].
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