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Elbe and Rhine, but not of Danube sediments, induce several phase 1 or phase 2 metabolism genes (including P450s, GSTs, UGTs) or heat shock proteins (Additional files 1 and 2) and differentially regulate genes that overlap with other ecotoxicogenomic studies (Additional file 8).
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Using Danube sediment as reference identified 4742 (Elbe) and 4999 (Rhine) transcripts that were differentially regulated by >1.4-fold.
Due to the low chemical burden and the corresponding biotest data, Danube sediment was confirmed to be a suitable reference sediment for further experiments.
The YES test and comet assay identified the estrogenic and genotoxic potential of the Elbe sediment to be well above that of the Rhine and Danube sediment, respectively.
In contrast, only a low level inhibition of reproduction was observed in the Danube sediment suggesting that this sample is less toxic.
Nevertheless, for reasons of ecological relevance, and justified by the low chemical burden as well as the results from the bioassays, we selected the Danube sediment as reference for the DNA microarray study.
The Danube River sediments gravel and sand, deposited in the Danube alluvial and lacustrine conditions.
The strontium ratios of Mesolithic peoples along the Danube reflected the river sediments on which they lived.
Water from the Danube, therefore, infiltrates into the fan alluvial sediments during all water stage on the Danube river, and flows downward as groundwater through the Danubian Lowland, nearly parallel with Danube river.
The big rivers that feed it, such as the Danube and the Dnieper, bring masses of sediment.
Sediments from the three geographically separated rivers are of course heterogeneous with distinct physico-chemical properties which may modulate effects (toxicities) of chemical contamination, a notion that may apply to any control sediment as well (such as the Danube).
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