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Chemical fate studies building forth on emission data or models highlight the spatial variability of chemical concentrations, as exemplified for case studies focusing on perfluorinated compounds and the Danube catchment [56].
In Baden-Württemberg, the situation differs between the Neckar and upper Danube catchment, where floods mainly depend on local precipitation, and the Rhine Valley, where floods are also possible in seasons with snow and ice melting in the upper Rhine catchment.
Also the freshwater populations of the Danube catchment exhibited pronounced levels of native genetic ancestry.
Because of low sample sizes (mostly < 5 samples per site) all river samples of the Danube catchment were pooled into one group designated DON (see Table 1).
Whereas the A type was dominant in all drainages, the B type was more specific to the Danube catchment and most likely originated there.
Haplotype B appeared most frequent in the Danube catchment (> 30%), but was also present with high shares in the catchments of Rhine (about 20%) and Ems (about 15%).
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In contrast, the floods occurring in the Elbe and Danube catchments concerned much larger regions.
As the lake populations (except Starnberger See) of the Danube catchments comprised sufficiently high sample numbers, these were kept as distinct populations.
The multitude of Early Upper Paleolithic sites in this region suggests that it was part of a major dispersal corridor along the Danube and its catchment area some 40,000 years ago.
Microsatellite based genetic distance analysis identified the populations of the Danube, Oder and Elbe catchments as three distinct clades, indicating a divergent development of these populations after postglacial re-colonization of the native areas (Kottelat and Freyhof 2007).
Groups were defined according to river catchments, with Danube, Elbe and Oder belonging to the native distribution area, and Rhine, Weser, Ems and possibly Eider belonging to the invaded areas.
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