Thus, the idea that HD salinity is fully due to dam surface ET is uncertain and highly disputed.
This paper aims at exploring the effects of anti-seismic reinforcement with the fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) material bonded to the dam surface in dam engineering.
When we conducted the investigation at the Kaligandaki landslide dam, it was found that the landslide dam surface was covered by fine particles.
While some studies associated it with high dam surface evaporation (ET) (Shindo 1991), others linked it to geological origin, but would not clearly indicate the mechanisms (Nkotagu 1996).
Thus, the study disagrees with previous conclusions that HD salinity was sorely due to high dam surface ET but is primarily due to geological reasons.
The path of fault propagation near the dam surface could be mainly described by the conventional failure theories in the passive and active states.
Secondly, the 3D data were compared with the design structure of the dam in order to define the upper limits of the underlying alluvium, the deposited blast fill, earth fill and top gravel materials (represented by the dam surface).
However, the dams are only 38 km apart with similar climate, hence if the dam surface ET was the major factor for HD high salinity, comparable trends would be recorded in MD, which wasn't the case.
This model was compared with the design structure of the dam in order to define the upper limits of the underlying alluvium, the deposited blast fill, earth fill and top gravel materials (represented by the dam surface).
Worth stressing, although HD plotted in the ET dominance, it does not necessarily imply its hydrochemistry is due to high dam surface ET. The SG from the NaCl-rich lithological unit was equally influenced by ET suggesting that the water type was not exclusive to HD (Fig. 4).
