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In effect, that's what O'Connell was doing – just on a greater and more damaging scale.
Weighed against the magnitude of the housing crisis, local concerns about the supposedly damaging scale of the Larchmont development — which a consultant's report said would add only 3 to 12 children to the public schools and 40 more car trips during afternoon peak hours — seem ridiculouly, perilously short-sighted.
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Mr. Mancuso said that the tornado was the last official F5 on record, the highest level on the Fujita tornado damage scale, and packed winds of up to 301 miles per hours.
Open image in new window Fig. 10 EMS98 Damage scale description for masonary and reinforced concrete buildings.
Damage scale for classification of tephra induced building damage following 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption (Spence et al. 1996).
The damage scale also could be described through the interaction between the vulnerability classes and the assessed intensity.
The meaning of the damage scale is well described in EMS98 (Grünthal 1998) for masonry and for reinforced concrete buildings, including a pictorial description (Fig. 10).
The present study determined the total number of buildings based on those having suffered heavy to strong damage, as classified by the damage grades D4 and D5 (Table 2), according to the EMS98 damage scale.
Finally, damage realistic 3D scenarios, originally designed for fictional game environments and adapted here for eventual reality, are striking tools that transform the text and visual description of the EMS98 damage scale into a believable 3D damage scene.
A new damage scale relating to strain field was introduced to account for delamination and matrix crack while the quasi-brittle failure mechanism was assumed for fibre fracture.
The new homogeneous reinforced concrete damage scale, which is experimentally calibrated to maximum inter-storey drift for different structural systems, is used to determine the damage state of the building at the performance point.
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