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This supports the role of PKC δ in DNA damaging pathways, whereas alternative apoptotic pathways maybe recruited to facilitate cell death in response to other stimuli.
Both hyperglycemia and/or insulin resistance can lead to oxidative stress and mitochondrial overproduction of superoxide and activate damaging pathways leading to diabetic micro- and macrovascular complications.
Both insulin resistance and hyperglycemia lead to oxidative stress and mitochondrial overproduction of superoxide and activate damaging pathways leading to diabetes complications.
The results of clinical and experimental studies demonstrate a multifactorial neuroprotective effect of hypothermia during and after an ischemic insult by simultaneous suppression of multiple damaging pathways [ 3, 4].
Furthermore, normalizing the levels of mitochondrial ROS with MnSOD prevents the activation of hyperglycemic vascular damaging pathways in diabetes [ 8], and overexpression of MnSOD suppresses high glucose-induced collagen accumulation in cultured mesangial cells [ 29].
As will be discussed in greater detail in the next section, O2- can activate several damaging pathways in diabetes including accelerated formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE), polyol pathway, hexosamine pathway and PKC, all of which have been proven to be involved in micro- and macrovascular complications.
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Such a model could furthermore help identify drugs that would repair damaged pathways or even cause new ones to be formed.
Loss of pRb results in an increased signaling of DNA damage pathways and to increased cell death [47].
We hypothesize that blockage of Nlrp3 inhibits sensing of pathogen and host signals, which is followed by inhibition of IL-1β- and IL-6-dependent damage pathways resulting in better survival and reduced muscle atrophy.
Thus, both DNA damage pathways and senescence markers were expressed in gonadotroph cell-derived adenomas (Figure 2).
These pathways include signal transduction cascades (e.g. Wnt, Akt, G-proteins), cell cycle and DNA damage pathways, and cytoskeletal/cell adhesion.
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