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The global economy appears stuck in what Mohamed El-Erian, chief executive of the bond investment firm Pimco, calls "a damaging feedback loop" of eroding circumstances, slow government action and market volatility.
Moreover, by breaking the damaging feedback loop that promotes the enlistment of PhD students and postdocs as cheap labour in academic research labs, a clear separation between training programmes and research programmes will help to make the biomedical research enterprise more sustainable.
Now, a decade after annual NIH budgets stopped increasing, the damaging feedback loop described above still remains in force, as investigators and universities build bigger labs and take on more PhD students and postdocs in an effort to compete for scarcer grant money and indirect cost payments.
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For example, repair mechanisms fix damage, feedback loops keep homeostatic systems at their setpoints, and biochemical filters distinguish signal from noise.
Indeed, when HDFs/MEFs are propagated in hypoxic conditions (1-31-3%ather than the commonly used 20% oxygen, HDFs/MEFs avoid senescence; when grown in 20% oxygen, HDFs/MEFs rapidly accumulate DNA damage and eventually initiate a positive feedback loop of oxidative damage and growth arrest that masquerades as cellular senescence [ 51, 52].
Exciting studies also suggest that Timeless could play a role in conveying phase-resetting zeitgebers arising from DNA damage to the core feedback loop.
The main concern about the spring slowdown in U.S. job and income growth is that it may damage consumer confidence, creating a negative feedback loop.
Nervous investors could flee faster amid rumours of broad capital-control measures, accelerating the damage caused by the financial feedback loop.
These predictions suggest that the repair process would bypass the "Pro-inflammation → Damage → Pro-inflammation" positive feedback loop and avoid a full-scale inflammatory and repair response.
A positive feedback loop of mitochondrial damage, ROS production, and DNA damage response by the activation of p53/p21CIP1/WAF1 pathway is required for the establishment of the growth arrest phenotype during cellular senescence (Macip et al., 2002; Passos et al., 2010; Luo et al., 2011).
Mucosal damage triggers the initial release of these factors, leading to the positive feedback loop that amplifies mucosal damage (Sonis, 2002; Sonis, 2004a).
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