One, sometimes called nociceptive pain, results from damage to tissues, as from arthritis or a burn.
Infectious-disease experts say that the lingering symptoms might be an autoimmune response to the original illness or residual damage to tissues caused by the infection.
Their suspicion is that the usual factors implicated in aging like mutation and oxidative damage to tissues would turn out to have a role in making cells produce more Ink4.
Antioxidants are commonly recommended — because the aging process is believed to be related in part to oxidized damage to tissues, including the auditory nerve — although no practical benefit has been documented.
Bone cement used in some surgeries for spine fractures has been linked to death and complications such as damage to tissues and nerves, pain and heart and lung failure, the Food and Drug Administration said.
One way such genes may operate, Dr. Perls said, is by limiting the activity of free radicals, which are unpaired electrons that cause corrosive damage to tissues throughout the body.
As such robots can fire needles through skin and flesh much faster than a human hand can, it causes less damage to tissues and should mean less pain, too.
In contrast, indirectly ionizing radiation (e.g., electromagnetic waves and neutron beams) gives up energy as it passes through tissues, which results in the production of fast-moving particles that in turn cause damage to tissues.
With cells and bodies composed mostly of water, ice is potentially lethal because its formation disrupts the balance between the fluids outside and inside of cells, which leads to their shrinkage and irreversible damage to tissues.
Acute thromboses cause irreversible damage to tissues and are associated with loss of function of portions of organs, such as occurs in the heart following myocardial infarction or in the brain following cerebral stroke.
Oxidative damage to tissues and cells contributes to disease processes.
