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A generic damage measure is introduced for measuring the system-level damage of structures out of the component-level damages.
Strong motion duration is one of the challenging characteristics of ground motion, which affects the cumulative damage of structures significantly.
Root ultrastructural changes have been used to study the damage of structures and organelles in root tips exposed to some allelochemicals.
In this paper, a quantitative method is used to assess the state of the damage of structures (Aghagholizadeh and Massumi 2012).
With this methodology, the fatigue damage of structures can be assessed easily with the rain-flow counting method and Palmgren Miner rule.
Quantitative assessment of damage has been proved effective in controlling the earthquakeinduced damage of structures, and is feasible by the use of damage models.
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In this framework, the engineering demand parameter (EDP) which can more effectively characterized the additional damage of structure induced by aftershock, and the intensity measure (IM) having the higher correlation with the additional damage of structure are selected and used.
In this method, the damage of structure is evaluated by estimation of fragility function of structure through numerous non-linear dynamic analysis subjected to different ground motion records.
The exceeding ISD from different damage threshold demonstrates the damage of structure at that earthquake level which can be observed in Figs. 4 and 5 (dotes over the horizontal lines).
The base-isolation technology can significantly reduce the damages of structures under extreme earthquake events, and effectively protect the safeties of structures and internal equipment.
The largest fire in the park was the North Fork fire, both in terms of damage to structures and of area burned.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com