Asexual reproduction tends to dominate in wetland ecosystems, particularly those dominated by large stands of monocots such as common reed or cattails.
Instead, the evolution of host associations involved multiple colonizations of monocots, rather than the repeated secondary change to dicots from a primitively monocot feeding lineage (semi-aquatic monocots for the Donaciinae) postulated by [9].
Rapid diversification of WRKY genes predates the divergence of monocots and dicots [45], [55].
Thus, Acorus plus grasses represent monocot diversity about as well as any two groups of monocots.
In contrast, for monocot cell walls (CS and SG) and monocot-specific hemicellulose (AXW), pathogens of monocots clearly showed greater hydrolytic activity than pathogens of dicots.
However, the sister group of monocots is still unclear [ 26].
Group A MAPKs of monocot plants are very stable orthologs of both AtMPK3 and AtMPK6, whereas none of any monocot genomes harbor orthologs of AtMPK10, suggesting that this MAPK may have been lost before the split of monocots.
All pathogens of monocots were pathogens of commelinoid monocots with the exception of F. oxysporum f. sp. tulipae that is a pathogen of tulip, a non-commelinoid monocot with cell walls resembling dicots.
Comparative genomics in the monocots have focused on the extent of synteny between closely-related species of monocots belonging to the family of Poaceae [ 8].
Some of the miRNAs are conserved only among closely related monocots, suggesting the emergence of novel miRNAs after divergence of monocots and dicots [ 19, 20].
