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With damage expressed in terms of loss of flexural stiffness, the damage detection, localization and quantification are found to be successful for degrees of damage less than about 28% of the initial flexural stiffness of the tested specimens.
This paper presents an extensive parametric study on the response of irregular steel frames in case of initial damage, expressed by the total removal of their columns, one in turn.
Fish exposed to GWSF exhibited a liver alanine transaminase (ALT) activity increase after a short exposure while the longest exposure revealed liver damage expressed as an ALT activity decrease.
These changes suggest that chromium accumulates and enters the lipid peroxidation pathway where fatty acid damage and DNA damage (expressed as chromosome changes) occur to cause cell death and tissue damage.
As the SAR level was increased, the amount of oxidative DNA damage expressed in the spermatozoa became elevated (Figure 4A).
The perpetuation of the observed insidious damage expressed in an ' in vivo' situation may be prompted by the induction of reactive oxygen species.
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Similarly, Olson and colleagues recently found that patients with bilateral parietal damage express an unusually low number of remember responses, but a normal number of know responses, on a false memory task (Drowos et al. 2009).
Critically, we show that the impact of amygdala damage expresses itself at two specific time windows poststimulus onset: 100 150 and 500 600 ms. In addition, we observe differential responses to fearful versus neutral expressions in upright faces during an intervening time window (150 250 ms) that remain intact despite amygdala damage.
For example Hazus estimates that about 142,880 buildings will be at least moderately damaged (damage is expressed as the probability that a given building will realize at least moderate damage) for the rare scenario.
Thus, fatigue damage models which ignore the reality of fatigue damage as expressed in terms of cracks should not be used for fatigue life predictions.
These analyses led to the calculation of the buildings' damage indices expressed in terms of the Maximum Interstorey Drift Ratio.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com