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This model may also explain a dose threshold as a result of the radiation-induced balance between probabilities of damage causation and prevention, as explained by the Dual Response Model (Feinendegen et al. 2012).
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The methodology incorporates a literature-derived probabilistic assessment of damage-causation, and is interpreted and presented as single numbers deemed "Damage Grades".
However, once again, this portrays the duplication as a solution with least possible damage without positively suggesting causation.
Today, Sir John Thomas, president of the Queen's Bench Division, and Mr Justice Silber upheld their challenge and transferred the case to another branch of the court to consider the issues of causation and damages.
Junk science, extravagant contingency fees, dubious evidence of causation and damages have transformed courts of law in many instances into collection agencies where the playing field is anything but level.
Both children and adults should be educated about causation, reiterating that damage to fingers can be prevented or reduced by observing safety measures.
However, no significant differences of the renal function parameters (serum creatinin and protein urea) among the DD and non DD genotypes suggests that this variant might not be a factor involved in the causation of renal damage but could have aggravated or related to the progression of the disease.
The results do not imply causation – whether neutrophils drive damage to crypts, or vice versa – but implicate a role of neutrophils in an early stage of the disease.
Neonatal sepsis is a major cause of mortality and morbidity and has been implicated in the causation of perinatal brain damage and cerebral palsy, both in term and preterm infants [ 1, 2].
Inadequately responsive glycaemic control is an important factor in the causation of diabetic end-organ damage.
This means that considerable damage must occur before anyone can prove causation and then begin to ask whether the harm is "reasonable" by a cost-benefit test.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com