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Initially, interest focused on the structure of extracellular NET chromatin and its capacity to capture and damage bacteria.
Fermentation by-products cause toxic stress which can damage bacteria cells, presence of these products also inhibits polymerization reactions in polyurethane production [ 14, 15].
For compounds that cause cell membrane damage, bacteria can be used that contain the fabA gene, coupled to the full lux gene.
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Some sub-lethally damaged bacteria may survive under optimal growth conditions (e.g. culture medium), but not on seed or soil.
Living bacteria were labelled in green using Syto9 nuclear stain, whereas damaged bacteria were labelled yellow as they were also stained in red with propidium iodide.
Also, when exposed to harmful conditions as antimicrobial agents, to eliminate defective cells, damaged bacteria self-digest the cell wall by peptidoglycan hydrolases.
Stimulation of oxygen species such as H2O2, ({text{O}}_{2}^) and OH by UV light found to harm bacteria and damage the active enzyme, DNA, and protein [74, 76].
Previous work on the antimicrobial mechanism of pexiganan has revealed that the antimicrobial activity of pexiganan results from the unrepairable damage of bacteria membrane.
Further complications include generalised peritonitis, abdominal wall abscesses, and necrotising fasciitis secondary to soft tissue damage by bacteria and digestive juices [7, 8].
Author [13] showed that the initial stage of damage of bacteria by different NPs (Ag, Hg, Cu) consists in the inhibition of cellular energy and structural changes of cellular surface.
In this context, three antioxidants including two singlet oxygen quenchers (sodium azide and l-tryptophan) and one free radical scavenger (d-mannitol) were used to search the main oxygen species causing damage to bacteria by the photoactivated RB, to design improved PS and to elucidate the best conditions for S. aureus photoinactivation.
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