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For example, when daily exposure was of interest and there were no operating PM monitors with a study area, data pairs (daily PM concentrations, death counts) were unavailable in these studies.
Hence, in the situation where only every-sixth-day PM data are available, it is desirable that the method used to estimate the effect of PM on mortality return an estimate as close as possible to that obtainable in the ideal situation of daily PM data.
Our PM mass analysis was performed on two different data sets: a limited data set that included only PM mass measurements for days when species data also were available, and a separate data set that included daily PM measurements during the study period (except for the Saharan dust days), including measurements taken on days when species data were not collected.
After fitting the DLM of PM, an every-sixth-day PM time series was obtained by extracting every-sixth-day PM concentration from the daily PM time series.
Some of the cartoons were done for the liberal New York daily PM from 1941 to 1943, many of them vehement -- and occasionally racist -- attacks on Hitler and the Japanese.
Elizabeth Hawes, who closed her custom dress house during the war to work in a factory and to write a column for the left-wing daily PM ("Girls in Slacks Have the Most Fun at Coney Island"), also designed uniforms for Red Cross volunteers.
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Daily PMs (PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations were measured at 50 monitoring stations in Zhejiang (1 Feb 2015 to 28 Feb 2017) to quantify the spatiotemporal change of PM concentration and its empirical relationship with green spaces and landscape structure.
The objective of our comprehensive review was to assess whether acute effects of sub-daily PM exposures have been reported.
Experimental studies need to assess effects in those with pre-existing cardiovascular diseases to confirm associations observed in epidemiological studies between sub-daily PM exposure and SDNN.
Future studies should clarify associations between cardiovascular effects of sub-daily PM exposure with PM size fraction and concurrent gaseous pollutant exposures.
Occupational studies that we identified assessing the cardiovascular effects of exposure to sub-daily PM (not reviewed here) have mainly examined its association with heart rate variability.
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