Approximately 12 million individuals cycle through U.S. local jails each year with an estimated 721,300 daily jail confinements (Bureau of Justice Statistics 2016; Subramanian et al. 2015).
Functional impairment was defined as continued hospitalization, significant pain or limitation in performing daily activities, bed confinement, or coma.
Manning's treatment -- which includes being held for 23 hours daily in solitary confinement and being stripped naked every night -- has sparked the ire of civil rights advocates as well as WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, who called the U.S. Army intelligence analyst a "political prisoner [held] without trial".
Albert Woodfox, 66, is still in solitary confinement and undergoes daily cavity searches.
Operationally, stress manipulations have taken the form of daily restraint periods (e.g., confinement in a plastic tube), cold water immersion, inescapable electric shock to the tail, saline injections, and unpredictable noise.
Obviously children return from school to home daily so are not in solitary confinement for 24 hours a day, but the similarities in context, attitude and practice are still alarming.
The Internet-based project Solitary Watch estimates that as many as 80,000 federal and state prisoners in the U.S. are held under conditions (22.5 hours of daily isolation) generally defined as solitary confinement.
It was described as characterized by a longer duration (over 5 days), symptoms of higher intensity, and by a mandatory interruption in daily activities, with a need for confinement to bed (see Figure 1), and a clear-cut diagnosis possibly provided by the physician.
The former employee, who asked to remain anonymous, recounted in a recording on file with CIVIC that two Muslim men were put into solitary confinement for quietly saying their daily prayers.
[Greater Good Science Center founding director] Dacher Keltner has focused on how compassionate touch is essential to people's well-being, and therefore putting people in solitary confinement deprives them of those essential daily human interactions.
