At this stage, Cx-43 was dispersed in the cytoplasm and cytomembrane as a mottled pattern.
Cell electro-fusion includes four steps, cell alignment, cell electroporation, reconstruction of cytomembrane and cytoplasm exchange.
White arrows indicate nuclei of epidermal cells, and yellow arrows indicate the cytomembrane.
The released concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were also quantified to assess damage to the cytomembrane, because LDH is normally located in the cytoplasm and released through a damaged cytomembrane (Fig. 6f).
Different from LhSorTGA2, fluorescence of the LhSorNPR1-GFP infusion protein was observed both in the nucleus and at the cytomembrane.
As a high effective aptamer, AS1411 can recognize and bind nucleolin, the target protein in both cytomembrane and nucleus [14].
Fig. 1 a A layer of red fluorescent staining on the cytomembrane of HeLa cells (original magnification × 400).
The morphological observation of erythrocytes via Giemsa staining found that amorphous SiNPs could cause erythrocyte deformation, cell swelling, and cytomembrane damage or even rupture (Fig. 3).
Analysis of the antimicrobial mechanism confirmed that the synthesized nanoparticles caused disorganization of the bacterial cytomembrane and leakage of cytoplasmic contents.
Cellular organelles, such the cytomembrane, lysosome, mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, the endoplasmic reticulum, and nucleus, play important roles in the normal function of cells.
The cytomembrane is comprised of phospholipid bilayers, as shown in Fig. 7, which have numerous negatively charged phosphate groups on the surface of phospholipid.
