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Evolutionary arms races between hosts and parasites drive cycles of adaptation and counter-adaptation, leading to increased rates of adaptive evolution in host immune systems.
This dynamic conflict between the two sexes, commonly known as interlocus sexual conflict, can potentially lead to open ended cycles of adaptation and counter adaptation – reminiscent of the "Red queen" dynamics in prey predator or host-parasite systems [ 13, 14].
Under these circumstances a trait that is advantageous for one mating partner but harmful to the other can fuel repeated cycles of adaptation and counter-adaptation in the two sexes, i.e. a coevolutionary arms race [ 4].
One outcome of this coevolutionary struggle can be host species-specificity, where continued cycles of adaptation essentially isolate a parasite within a given host, preventing it from infecting even closely related species.
Inspirations and influences: The film's success not only catapulted its lead actors into major careers, but also defined a lush, sexualised, colour-oriented style for 19th-century period film that initiated the modern cycle of literary adaptation.
Co-evolutionary arms races between hosts and pathogens are thought to be driven by cycles of genetic adaptation and counter-adaptation (Meyerson and Sawyer, 2011; Daugherty and Malik, 2012; Demogines et al., 2013).
Furthermore, for longstanding pathogen-host interactions, cycles of pathogen adaptation and host counter-adaptation may promote the rapid evolution of genes involved in defense and the maintenance of host polymorphisms through frequency dependent selection [ 7- 9].
The pole-placement design was employed first, together with the performance enhancement techniques of anti-windup estimation, feed-forward control, and cycle-to-cycle adaptation.
The sequential cycle of learning and adaptation targets better understanding of the resource system, and better management based on that understanding.
