In the cyber space, manipulation of information so as to affect the semantic nature of information and the way in which it is interpreted by users is often called semantic attacks.
A 2012 ONR security review said computer systems must be protected "against cyber-attack, manipulation, falsification and sabotage, consistent with the threats identified in national threat assessments".
Despite Mr Obama's upbeat message in announcing the visa changes, he reiterated that America would continue to press China on a number of issues including cyber espionage, currency manipulation and human rights.
This is the reality of modern day democracy in an era of cyber subterfuge and manipulation.
Two days of high-level talks between Washington and Beijing began on Wednesday morning amid tensions over cyber-espionage, currency manipulation, and rising international concern over China's territorial ambitions in the South and East China seas.
Chinese cyber-theft, currency manipulation, a trade dispute involving rare-earth minerals, and escalating tensions between China and Japan in the East China Sea all make an appearance in the show, rendered in the kind of detail that will ring mostly true with China watchers".
Even with all the ballot-stuffing, cyber-attacks, and manipulations, the pro-Kremlin party, United Russia, only got forty-nine per cent of the vote — results that were hardly cheering to Putin or his allies.
"This investigation would serve the purpose of informing the public, developing a concerted response, deterring the Russians from further malign[ant] cyber action and inoculating the public against such manipulation in the future".
The report advances 42 specific recommendations, from responding to currency manipulation to increasing our defenses against cyber-espionage.
While a great deal is made about Chinese cyber-attacks against the United States and questions of currency manipulation that emerged in the 2012 Presidential elections, more basic questions about China's intentions deserve serious attention.
