A comprehensive review of the effectiveness of contaminant removal in different wetland systems including: (1) free water surface (FWS) CWs; (2) subsurface flow (SSF) CWs; and (3) hybrid wetland systems, is presented.
Emphasis of this review is placed on the treatment performance of various types of CWs including: (i) free water surface flow CW; (ii) subsurface flow CW; (iii) hybrid systems; and, (iv) floating treatment wetland.
Redox potential was measured in a treatment bed of a constructed wetland (CW) with subsurface horizontal flow used for municipal wastewater treatment.
The major types of constructed wetlands are briefly described: (1) Free water surface CWs, (2) horizontal subsurface flow CWs, (3) vertical flow CWs, (4) hybrid CWs, and (5) floating treatment wetlands.
The cost-effective and geographically available substrates are vital for the design of constructed wetlands (CWs), especially the saturated subsurface flow CWs, which are deemed as an efficient way to remove the inlet-lake phosphorus concentrations.
The current study provides information about a pilot scale experiment designed to evaluate the potential of the anchored aquatic plant Limnocharis flava for phytoremediation of water contaminated with mercury (Hg), in a constructed wetland (CW) with horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF).
In 2008, concentrations of iron and manganese in the sediments of seven constructed wetlands (CWs) with horizontal subsurface flow in the Czech Republic were evaluated [ 93].
Purification efficiency and mass removal of organic matter, suspended solids, nitrogen and phosphorus was analysed in a hybrid constructed wetland (CW) system with two subsurface flow filter beds, using Light Weight Aggregates (LWA), a two-chamber vertical subsurface flow filter (VSSF) followed by a horizontal subsurface flow filter (HSSF) with a total area of 432 m2.
The results show that hybrid CW systems consisting of subsurface flow filters can work efficiently in Estonia's cold climate.
The results show that hybrid CW systems consisting of subsurface flow filter beds can work efficiently in conditions of changing hydraulic loading and relatively cold climate.
