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Two plausible explanations exist: (1) a single CPG coordinates muscular contractions and phasically alters proprioceptive reflex modulation, as well as cutaneous input, using feed-forward control; (2) two separate circuits are strongly entrained, producing synchronous outputs for inter-limb coordination and reflex modulation.
When plantar cutaneous input was masked by mechanical vibrations, in the form of synthesized pseudo-random noise (frequency distribution: 50 Hz to 1 kHz), performance was impaired, suggesting that vibrotaction played a significant role.
In man, these interneurons are inhibited by cutaneous input (Nielsen and Pierrot-Deseilligny, 1991).
The precise modulation of walking that is generated by cutaneous input from the foot depends upon the nerve that is stimulated [ 4, 5].
A possible explanation for the absence of subitizing in Experiment 1 and 3 is that cutaneous input from a flat surface can be regarded as a distractor.
Functionally, non-noxious cutaneous input at the heel may have increased TA activity to facilitate eversion if needed to avoid scuffing or tripping, and initiate weight acceptance by the stance limb.
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Nevertheless, single-unit recordings from awake monkeys reveal cutaneous inputs to MI that appear to segregate in modality-specific maps, with neighboring representations being differentially responsive to cutaneous and joint receptor input [25].
It is conceivable that touching the ground with larger areas of the hindpaw alters the cutaneous inputs resulting in a temporal and spatial coactivation of almost the entire glabrous skin surface.
Interestingly, visceral injury causes a spread of central sensitization that includes cutaneous inputs (Wang et al., 2008) due to the convergence of visceral and cutaneous inputs onto dorsal horn cells (Al-Chaer et al., 2000).
Additionally, there is now considerable evidence that proprioception relies partly on cutaneous inputs (Edin & Johansson, 1995; Collins et al., 2005).
Comparing median nerve and skin stimuli suggests that N20 mainly depends on cutaneous inputs to the 3b area.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com