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Sensory feedback is essential for the correct expression of spinal locomotion because spinal cats, devoid of cutaneous feedback from the hindfeet, are incapable of plantar foot placement.
For example, in situations where V2b INs are being dynamically activated by cutaneous feedback, the V1 INs, or subsets thereof, might be tasked with providing tonic inhibition to motor neurons.
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These experiments demonstrate that the perceived haptic compliance of a walking surface is increased in the presence of plantar cutaneous vibration feedback.
Thus, cutaneous afferent feedback is suggested to assist in balance regulation and ensure proper foot placement during the stance phase [ 3, 7, 8].
It may be difficult to accept that cutaneous temperature represents a feedback signal, because deep body temperature is indisputably a feedback signal, and the roles of the two temperatures in thermoregulation are clearly not identical.
In their seminal paper in Science Translational Medicine, Raspopovic et al. (2014) described a methodology for the afferent feedback of cutaneous touch from a hand prosthesis.
The second, smaller, group of recent papers (Romanovsky et al. 2009, Werner 2010) states that skin temperature is one of the body's temperatures, and that thermal cutaneous signals serve as feedback signals in the thermoregulation system.
This information is of importance to increase our understanding of how afferent feedback from specific cutaneous locations on the foot sole influences the mechanisms involved in locomotor output.
Overall, the main thermoregulatory role of thermal cutaneous signals is to provide negative and positive auxiliary feedback to the thermoregulation system, thus both reducing the system's response time and making body temperature more stable.
Taping is thought to stimulate cutaneous mechano- and nocireceptors, thereby altering reflex activation and sensory feedback and increasing electromyographic activity [ 18, 19], thereby enhancing proprioception [ 20] and muscle strength and power [ 15, 16].
Baker et al. (2006) showed that oscillatory afferent feedback was present in muscle spindle afferents, but absent in putative cutaneous afferents.
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