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Such schools can circumvent some union rules and customary management methods while operating outside the influence of school boards and state authorities.
In contexts where there are low levels of formal education and high levels of illiteracy, and where marine resource management is governed predominantly by customary management systems, the introduction of formal marine resource management can be challenging.
Indeed, local fisheries are rapidly appearing and just as rapidly disappearing in response to emerging global markets and overfished stocks [1], leaving little time to develop effective customary management practices with which to avoid local overexploitation.
The Coral Triangle has a long history of employing traditional and customary management practices other than no-take MPAs.
Pacific Island fisherfolk, in particular, have received much scholarly attention because of their customary management practices that under certain circumstances are conducive to sustainable marine resource use (Johannes 1978; Aswani 2005; Cinner and others 2005a; Drew 2005).
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This not only indicates the loss of customary resource management practices, but a failure of formal resource management institutions to substitute for those practices and secure long-term access to essential assets such as land and natural resources for less well-off farmers.
Newbanks told me that it is customary for management to take twenty per cent of a soloist's fee and fifteen per cent of a conductor's fee.
They were listed here last week as No. 1 in payroll based on 25-man rosters and disabled-list players, the customary way management and the players' union have computed such matters.
In recent years, pastoralist communities have been able to formalize their customary land management systems through written village by-laws and land use plans.
As in Loliondo, these local customary land management practices serve to conserve a large expanse of wildlife habitat adjacent to the park, effectively extending the area conserved and preventing the encroachment of agriculture against the park boundary.
This paper examines the operational rules in use and the presence of institutional design principles in long-enduring and dynamic customary fisheries management institutions in Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, and Mexico.
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