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Concerning to the present event, the regional distribution of ionospheric backscatter echoes in the cusp region were approximately correlated with the occurrence region of the dayside discrete aurora shown both in Figs. 5 and 6.
Simultaneous multiple spacecraft observations thus suggest a likely source of substantial particle energization exists in the cusp region.
For a better understanding the plasma conditions in the low and middle-altitude cusp region the past FREJA wave data results are used to describe typical wave activity detected in the low-altitude cusp region.
During this interval, five radars covered 12 hours of magnetic local time on the dayside, including the cusp region, in the Northern hemisphere, and one observed the cusp region in the Southern hemisphere.
An enhanced TEC band forms in the afternoon sector, goes through the cusp region, and enters the polar cap.
The events were observed at about 1Re altitude, and mostly at the polar cusp region as identified by the on-board low-energy particle (LEP) instrument.
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Beams of singly ionized oxygen with narrow energy distributions originating in the dayside cleft/cusp region are frequently observed in the cleft, cusp and polar cap regions by the CODIF sensor of the CIS instrument onboard Cluster.
A statistical study shows that the source region is located near the equatorward edge of the cleft/cusp region, within a latitudinal range of around 1.5°.
A fraction of these fluxes that reach the envelope of geospace can be injected into the magnetospheric particle confinement region after transiting the geomagnetic tail domain, the polar cleft/cusp region, or directly through the front side magnetopause.
The ESR has provided valuable data of the ionospheric parameters in the polar cap/cusp region.
Maeda et al. (2002, 2009) showed ion temperature variations in the polar cap/cusp region from the European incoherent scatter (EISCAT) Sval-bard radar (ESR) observations.
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