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The curvilinear path defined in the previous subsection is the trajectory of the particle.
It is pointed out that the curvilinear path is caused by heterogeneity.
(Curvilinear path) A set of maps γ such that γ : T → Γ ⊂ M : t ∈ [ t 1, t 2 ] ↦ γ ( t ) = γ 0 ( t ) = t, γ 1 ( t ), γ 2 ( t ), …, γ n ( t ), γ i : R → R : t ↦ γ i ( t ), γ i ∈ C ∞, is called a curvilinear path (or simply "path"), and a set of paths, Γ, is called a curvilinear-path space.
This paper investigates the problem of spatial curvilinear path following control of underactuated autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) with multiple uncertainties.
(Variational vector) A variational vector is defined as a cotangent vector at γ ( t ) ∈ M on the curvilinear path δ γ ( t ).
Here γ + δ γ ( t ) denotes the sum of two vectors γ and δ γ, which are defined on M. The curvilinear path δ γ ( t ) = ( t ) is assumed to become an element of the curvilinear-path space, i.e., δ γ ( t ) ∈ C ∞.
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Variable-stiffness shells are curved composite structures in which the fibre-reinforcement follow curvilinear paths in space.
With the advancement of fiber placement technology, it is possible to manufacture fibers even with curvilinear paths or so-called variable stiffness (VS) composites.
A transverse stress recovery procedure taking into account the variability of the structural properties due to the fibers' curvilinear paths is also presented.
Variable stiffness composites, where fibre angles are spatially varied by steering the tows in curvilinear paths to optimise the structural response, have been a subject of intensive study.
Spatial variation of stiffness can be induced by steering composite fibers in curvilinear paths to give beneficial load and stiffness distribution patterns.
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