The deformable model includes balloon force, edge force, curvature force, temporal acceleration, and damping forces.
For automatic segmentation, lateral ventricle expanding balloon force was set to 3.0, detailed curvature force was set to 0.20, and 125 iterations at step size 1 was sufficient to isolate the lateral ventricle.
Instead, they should be distributed near their initial locations and maintain a stable structure, thanks to the continuity and curvature forces.
Our reconstruction reveals the highly unstable state of the bilayer, due to the extreme curvature forced on the thin lipid tube, that would allow large topological changes during membrane remodeling.
The difference in vacancy concentrations at the inter-phase boundaries (and corresponding vacancy gradients) is taken into account as well as the curvature effect on the driving force of the reaction.
This anisotropy diminishes with increasing misorientation angle, and high-angle boundaries assume a continuously curved shape and move steadily under the curvature driving force.
In contrast to bacterial FtsZ, the in vitro assembled plant FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 proteins did not show highly curved filaments [17, 27], hinting that in chloroplast the curvature and force for constriction could be generated by other components of the division machinery, such as the dynamin-related protein ARC5 residing on the outside of the chloroplast envelope [28, 29].
First, analytical results are validated with experimental studies, then the model is used to predict the displacement, curvature, blocked force and maximum work output of bending multilayered actuator unimorphs for various input parameters such as thickness, modulus, number of layers, electric field and stiffness contrast.
For our purposes, it is important that in regions of extreme curvature, tidal forces can grow without bound.
Next, a direct relation among the shell curvatures, roving force, internal pressure and slippage coefficient, as a basis for determining non-geodesics-based isotensoid shapes, is provided.
Lastly, we show that the phonon spectra for sub-nm SWCNTs obtained from the molecular dynamic simulations which employs a curvature-dependent force field concur with our experimental observations.
