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There are other factors too of course — thirty years of war caused by the Soviet invasion, Iran's relations with the country, internal problems, the "resource curse" effect of such heavy U.S. aid flows and troop deployments.
In all cases, the "winner's curse" effect was corrected analytically.
This selection asymmetry in mtDNA has been described as the mother's curse effect [ 55].
The reported effects of these SNP are most likely overestimated due to the "winner's curse" effect [ 15] that is commonly observed in initial genome-wide association studies.
Indeed, our findings will almost certainly be subject to a 'winner's curse' effect [discussed in Newton-Cheh & Hirschhorn (2005) and Kraft (2008)], in which the already small effect sizes reported have actually been overestimated in our discovery sample.
Even this 20% estimate, because it is derived from the same population used to identify the locus, is liable to be an overestimate due to the Winner's curse effect (Garner 2007).
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Specifically, within the baboons alone, we found that the negative relationship between eQTL effect size and minor allele frequency was explicable based on winner's curse effects alone.
These initiatives are clear operational improvements, but they fail to compensate for resource curse effects on country governance in the health sector.
We note, however, that our sample size of individuals is much smaller than that used for a similar analysis in humans (Battle et al., 2014: n = 922 individuals), and larger sample sizes should attenuate winner's curse effects.
In 2005, this law which was designed to offset resource curse effects was unilaterally abrogated, and renegotiated with the World Bank under more favorable terms for discretionary use of oil revenues by the Chadian government [ 106].
(C ) Although we detect a strong negative correlation between eQTL effect size and eQTL minor allele frequency, in support of pervasive selection against alleles with large effects on gene expression levels, this correlation also appears when simulating constant eQTL effect sizes, suggesting winner's curse effects.
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