Evidence also shows that engagement in undergraduate extra-curricular scientific activity results in a higher rate of publication after graduation [ 21].
Male undergraduate students were two times more likely than females to engage in curricular elective scientific research and were also more likely to engage in extra-curricular research activities.
A "Decision Tree" was used to identify the variables that discriminate between the students engaged in "Extra-curricular" undergraduate scientific research activities (ECA) (n = 74) and those engaged in "Curricular" undergraduate scientific research activities (CA) (n = 96).
Interestingly, parents' education was also a factor that influenced student engagement in extra-curricular undergraduate scientific research activities.
Based on an analysis of the module descriptions for courses on research methods of all German university study programs in the field of Human Resource Education and Management (N = 42), we identified that the curricular emphasis is on scientific literature that deals with research questions answered through applying quantitative by contrast to qualitative research methods.
There are a number of curricular examples that emphasize scientific practices, and, hence, this broader definition of problem solving, such as Workshop Physics (Laws, 1991; Etkina and Van Heuvelen, 2007).
Among the specific college experiences correlated with retention of women of color are: (a) college community engagement activities, (b) participation in STEM related clubs, (c) co-curricular activities that improve scientific performance, and (d) academic peer relationships (as supposed to strictly social).
Having a built-in research institute, the school explicitly emphasizes to students the importance of research and offers them opportunities to engage by: i) promoting research-related activities within the curriculum, ii) challenging students to engage in scientific activities during curricular electives and iii) providing opportunities for extracurricular research activities.
Additionally, we divided all the "engaged students" into two groups according to the type of undergraduate scientific research activities: elective curricular (CA) or extra-curricular (ECA).
In our view, no curricular reforms will work until the scientific model is replaced by a more appropriate model rooted in the special requirements of a profession.
In addition, it could be that although students understand that data and conclusions are important, they do not transfer this scientific thinking to extra-curricular contexts.
