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In every step of computation of the deduced controller, it contains not only current step of state feedback but also linear combination of some former steps of control.
If mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased below 30 mmHg during blood withdrawal, the current step of withdrawal was stopped immediately resulting in less than 10 mL per kg body weight for the individual withdrawal.
Time domain transients to current step of multiple current densities were calculated to evaluate the polarization and fractional contribution of lithium rich cathode material Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2 based on the equivalent circuit determined from the electrochemical impedance spectrum.
The membrane time constant (τm) was estimated with a mono-exponential fit of the voltage response after a current step of −50 pA.
In terms of efficiency of the calculations, because the current step of a walker determines its next step, a single random walk cannot be parallelized.
SECOND EXAMPLE: A Hodgkin-Huxley axon stimulated with a long lasting current step of constant amplitude generates a response depending on the amplitude [ 25].
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The observation of current steps of this type has made it possible to measure h/e with far greater precision than by any other method and has therefore contributed to a knowledge of the fundamental constants of nature.
We applied current steps of increasing magnitude both with an autapse (phasic current) and without an autapse present (tonic current only, control).
The action potential adaptation ratio was calculated as the ratio between the last and first action potential amplitudes in depolarizing current steps of 50 pA.
Injection of current steps of small amplitude readily generated action potentials in young DGCs, whereas increasingly larger currents were required to reach the membrane threshold for action potential in more mature neurons (Figure 1A 1C; Table 1).
In preliminary studies we tested different types of data sets and eventually selected a long, uninterrupted recording of the membrane potential of an isolated LP cell in response to current steps of 20 s duration and equidistant levels from −4 nA to +1 nA in steps of 0.5 nA, which is a realistic physiological range for the LP cell.
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