The convection electric field drives the DP2 currents composed of two-cell Hall current vortices at high latitude and zonal currents at the equator (Nishida 1968).
Figure 7 indicates a schematic diagram of the substorm currents composed of the partial ring current, R2 FACs, and the equatorial CEJ with the Hall currents surrounding the R2 FACs causing reversal of the ionospheric currents at midlatitude (Kikuchi et al. 2003).
(from Fig. 4 of Kikuchi et al. 1996) Fig. 3 A schematic diagram of the DP2 ionospheric currents composed of the two-cell Hall currents at high latitudes driven by the dawn-to-dusk convection electric field under the southward IMF condition and the Pedersen currents flowing into the equatorial ionosphere where the current is enhanced by the Cowling effect (EEJ).
The convection electric field is transmitted by the Alfven wave from the dynamo in the outer magnetosphere to the polar ionosphere, accompanying the R1 FACs and driving the DP2 currents composed of ionospheric Hall currents at high latitude and the Pedersen currents amplified by the Cowling effect at the dip equator.
During the substorm growth phase and storm main phase, the dawn-to-dusk convection electric field is intensified by the southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), driving the ionospheric DP2 currents composed of two-cell Hall current vortices in high latitudes and Pedersen currents amplified at the dayside equator (EEJ).
During explosive eruptions or upon catastrophic collapse of lava domes, density currents composed of clasts and gas flow down the volcanic edifice at hundreds of kilometers per hour, threatening the surrounding populations (Druitt 1996).
Here, k is the current frame composed of time slot t.
For SnO2 and Pd-SnO2 NBs, their eventual current is composed of source current and sensitive response current, as depicted in Figure 8.
Fig. 7 Schematic diagram of the substorm current circuit composed of the partial ring current, R2 FACs and equatorial CEJ with the Hall currents surrounding the R2 FACs causing the reversal of the ionospheric currents at midlatitude.
However, current composing models might be better understood if we also attended to their antecedents the design- and production-work of new-media texts in bygone eras.
