Direct genetic manipulation of TPI expression allowed us measure the costs and benefits of a defensive protein in a plant-insect interaction in the common currency of plant fitness.
Experiments on excised roots and potted plants have shown that these fungal pipelines can also transfer carbon--the energy currency of plants--between plants, but the effect hadn't been seen or measured outside of the lab.
We present here a cost-benefit analysis of a plant-insect interaction in which the costs and benefits of a defensive protein are evaluated in the currency of plant fitness.
Amid red tape, harassment, shortages of nearly everything, and the chronic lack of hard currency, few plants were operating at full capacity.
It occupies part of a floor in the 420,000-square-foot BankNote Building, a former currency-printing plant in Hunt's Point, which was erected in 1909 and is virtually impossible to describe without sounding like a Corcoran brochure.
Players use their fingertips to tap and harvest drops of sunlight, which are the currency needed to plant unusually combative crops on the left side of the screen.
And this became a currency for buying plants.
Repeated images of fiery explosions, black brains, oversized ants, nuclear power plants, railroads, maps, currency and partially dissected frogs contributed to an epic mythologizing of our encroaching end of days.
First, plant quality involves multiple nutritional currencies, for example macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein, and fat) and micronutrients (minerals, vitamins and phytonutrients).
North Korea had also continued its support of the plant, which provided badly needed hard currency, through previous diplomatic crises.
