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Those countries react by trying to force their currencies back down and the world ends up back where it started.In this section Time to celebrate?
Track a basket of the euro's constituent currencies back in time, and you will find that it traded as low as 69 cents in early 1985.
Krugman suggests that European countries that share the euro might find it easier to correct their financial difficulties if they had their individual currencies back.
This might not be so bad if there were a method for directly converting one to the other – as with Britain's old and new currencies back in 1971.
Indeed, many banks are now well into the next phase of the changeover: shipping vast sums of the old currencies back to central banks for destruction.
An American investor holding foreign stocks for a year bought, in effect, (relatively) cheap euros or reais or kronor in January and sold those currencies back at higher prices in December.
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He advocates that people put their money in real assets ranging from cotton to natural gas, because currencies backed by government are being debased.
Most modern day central banks have fiat currencies as opposed to currencies backed by precious metals (Gold, silver, animal pelt, etc.).
In the past, countries have used two types of currencies: (1) gold, silver or other nonpolitical, supranational standards of value; and (2) paper currencies backed by political institutions' right to tax and the ability to enforce this right.
It is tied to the fiat currency of the West African nation, one of two African regional currencies backed by the French treasury and pegged to the euro, yet also compatible with neighboring currencies.
As we've written before, bitcoin is pitched by its promoters as both an alternative currency — alternative to the "fiat" currencies backed by governments and their central banks, like dollars and euros and Chinese yuan — and as an investment vehicle.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com