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H NDs were then re suspended in DI water (0.05 g/L) and subjected to ultra-high power sonication using a VCX500 Vibra-cell sonicator with the cup horn accessory (100% amplitude, 3 2 duty cycle, water cooled and temperature controlled to be <30 °C, 5 hours) to fully disperse the NDs.
with a cup horn.
The sonication was done using a Misonix 3000 instrument equipped with a deep cup horn.
Midguts were disrupted by ultrasound (Cup Horn, Sonics & Material) for 30 min with 2 sec pulse on and 2 sec pulse down, at maximum amplitude.
Fixed cells were washed by cold PBS, resuspended in lysis buffer, and sheared into fragments ranging between 200 and 800 bp in size on ice using 431A cup horn (Misonix, Farmingdale, NY, USA).
The aqueous portion of the reaction, minus the enzyme volume, was rapidly mixed with the ethanol-dissolved substrate, and the reaction mixture was then sonicated in either a cup horn or bath sonicator for 20 minutes at 25°C prior to addition of enzyme.
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Horn or cup-horn type ultrasonic generators were used in previous studies [14 20] to apply sufficient ultrasound energy to cause the pyrolysis of fluid molecules.
Sonication with a bath type sonicator resulted in relatively small enhancements of TOC removal but further studies with cup-horn sonication showed that TOC removal increased with higher intensity of sonication.
The cup-horn was filled with water continuously pumped through refrigerated circulating bath AD07R (PolyScience).
The cylinder was partly submerged in water in cup-horn of ultrasonic reactor (750 W ultrasonic processor VCX-750 with sealed converter VC-334 (Sonics & Materials, Inc).
Hence, it is of practical interest to synthesise aqueous GNPs in a simpler but more consistent process using a conventional ultrasonic bath instead of a horn or cup-horn type ultrasonic apparatus.
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