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This cumulative traffic load is well above the original design capacity.
a The cumulative traffic load information of the path is simply called as cumulative path load.
On the other hand, in CPL, each node constructs its gradient based on the cumulative traffic load of a path.
Figure 1(b) illustrates the cumulative traffic load (i.e., number of packets passing through) for each node.
For the purpose of load balancing, the cumulative traffic load of a path is considered in existing gradient routing protocols.
Hence, a reduction factor was proposed for older pavements based on cumulative traffic volume for the above correlation to predict the skid resistance of older pavements.
In particular, existing protocols allow a sensor node to construct its gradient using the cumulative traffic load of a path for load balancing.
In the second class, each sensor node constructs its gradient using the cumulative traffic load information a of the path potentially used for its data delivery.
The stabilisation of road subgrade soil may improve its mechanical properties considerably, however under the combined effect of cumulative traffic load and weathering these materials deteriorate over time and lose performance.
They can be categorized into two classes as shown in Figure 1: (a) protocols that exploit the traffic load information of a forwarder's 1-hop neighbor nodes, and (b) protocols that utilize the cumulative traffic load information of sensor nodes over a path from a sensor node to the sink.
First, we sort all the VOs in ascending order of user traffic demand d v : d 1≤d 2≤⋯≤d V. Thus, the user behavior curve based on [19] can be re-drawn as Fig. 2. X-axis represents cumulative user number proportion from VO#1 to VO V, ranging from 0 to 1. Y-axis represents cumulative traffic demand proportion from VO#1 to VO V, ranging from 0 to 1.
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