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The effect of the positive correlation is cumulative over generations.
Straw is often regarded the most suitable substrate to reduce tail biting (Zonderland et al. 2008; Van de Weerd and Day 2009), but selection on IGEg may give an additional reduction that is cumulative over generations, leading to a further increase in animal welfare.
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Therefore, the effects of selection on this distribution are given by derivatives of A t, and the cumulative effects of selection over generations are given by derivatives of (I - A -1 ≡ B. Thus, A -1expected effects of selection on the genetic structure of the parents in each generation are accounted by B' in the 2(h' + jA') B' i term of eq. 56.
It may be conceived that, over generations, the cumulative effects of sperm-delivered RNAs would cross a critical threshold and overcome the buffering capacity of embryos.
Standard deviations of the cumulative response across replicates increased over generations for all strategies as a result of drift (Fig. 2).
The important points are that this uneven reproductive success among individuals represents a process that occurs in each generation and that its effects are cumulative over the span of many generations.
To help address this issue, we used whole-genome sequencing to reveal the genome-wide rate, spectrum, distribution, leading/lagging bias, and context-dependency of spontaneous mutations that arose over 90,000 cumulative generations of growth in both wild type and MMR-deficient mutator lines of the opportunistic human pathogen P. aeruginosa.
These momentous achievements were made possible by the human capacity for "cumulative culture" -- the ability to build up knowledge over generations.
The rapid appearance (over evolutionary time) of the cognitive skills and complex inventions of modern humans has been attributed to "cumulative cultural evolution" (CCE), the accumulation of knowledge and skills over generations.
Figure 6 shows the cumulative divergence between the predicted and observed changes in body mass and tibia length over generations F02-F14 (Table 2).
Over generations, palates evolve and customs fade.
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