Exact(12)
The cumulative climate services hence include the C stocks initially present.
The cumulative climate services in Picea timber were 17% higher than in Picea energy (Figure 2).
CS cum (t) cumulative climate services at time t [t C ha-1].
Populus coppice had by far the highest cumulative climate services throughout the simulation period, mainly due to its high substitution effects for energy or, even higher, pulp and energy (Figure 2, Table 1).
The cumulative climate services as expressed by the accumulated average C-stocks after 300 years ("equilibrium C-stocks"; see Methods, Equation 3) comprise the initial C stocks in ecosystem and product pools, C stock changes in these pools and the cumulative fossil C substitution by energy and products (Figure 2).
Cumulative climate services were defined as C S c u m ( t ) = C e c o s y s t e m + C p r o d u c t s + Δ C e c o s y s t e m ( t ) + Δ C p r o d u c t s ( t ) + S u b s t i t u t i o n p r o d u c t s ( t ) + S u b s t i t u t i o n e n e r g y ( t ) (3). with.
Similar(48)
Characterised by uncertainty and made up of long-term, cumulative processes, climate change is for many audiences – particularly those in wealthy, industrialised nations – vague and abstract, making it difficult to visualise and meaningfully comprehend.
The time frame in which China's emissions were overestimated "is too short to have a cumulative impact on climate scenarios," says Zhu Liu, the lead author and a climate change specialist at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government.
In the HSA, Gubler et al. (2001) were uncertain about the cumulative impacts of climate change on vector- and rodent-borne illness because of limitations in the available climate models.
East African landscapes today are the result of the cumulative effects of climate and land-use change over millennial timescales.
As stated in the previous section, in the presence of cumulative uncertainties around climate change, low-income countries may be better off investing in traditional development policies that will also reduce their vulnerability to climate change.
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