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The bioactive top support and bottom substratum in the synthetic sandwich culture substituted for the functionalities of the ECM in the ECM-based sandwich culture with further improvement in mass transfer and optimal material properties.
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In cell culture, substituting galactose for glucose may be used to help combat this issue, forcing cells to rely on OXPHOS as their main source of ATP, thus allowing any enzyme deficiencies to be more apparent (Robinson, 1996).
For all induced cultures we substituted ampicillin (100 mg/L) for carbenicillin.
The use of various combinations of growth factors and cytokines in suspension culture to substitute for the regulatory signals provided by stromal cells has been utilized [8], [9].
In G-CSF treated endothelial/PMN co-cultures as well as in G-CSF substituted cultures of PMN alone, the ATP content in cell lysates was upregulated.
Where biology has failed humans, we have substituted culture.
Some schools allow American sign language or a course on a country's culture to be substituted for a language requirement.
At these time points, culture medium was substituted by RHB-A: Neurobasal: B27 (1∶1∶0.02) medium supplemented either with 0.01% DMSO (control) or with 3 nM LY411575 (in 0.01% DMSO).
To differentiate L6 myoblasts into myotubes, the culture medium was substituted with DMEM plus 2% horse serum after the L6 myoblast cells became confluent.
At Days 7 and 10 group half of the culture medium was substituted on Day 3 and replaced with fresh medium supplemented with the same concentration of the different morphogens.
Before beginning OGD, cell culture medium was substituted by a crystalloid solution that does not contain any glucose ("Thomajodin" plus 1 mM mannitol; DeltaPharm, Germany), and the cells were incubated in a hypoxic chamber (1% O2, 5% CO2 and 94% N2) for 45 min and re-incubated in normal glucose-containing cell culture medium for 24 h.
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