Over this span of two millennia the Yangshao culture progressed generally westward along the Huang He and Wei River valleys from sites in central China, such as Banpo, to sites farther west, such as Miaodigou, Majiayao, Banshan, and Machang.
Crypt-like topography affected Caco-2 spreading and differentiation during early culture, however the effect diminished as culture progressed.
In this book chapter, we illustrate the fluid mechanics that provide these highly defined conditions, present design considerations for microfluidic stem cell culture devices, discuss physical phenomena relevant to control the cellular microenvironment, and key detection techniques to monitor stem cell culture progress and outcome.
As the culture progressed, the cells in the central region slowly moved with morphological change of a cobblestone-like shape via interaction between contact cells and exhibiting the shift from random migration to collective movement toward the center, accompanied by tight junction formation.
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As the culture progressed, the margins of the aggregates became sharply defined (Fig. 3Aa).
As the culture progressed, no obvious cell proliferation and migration was observed and the attached cells gradually died out over 7 8 days.
All cells in the culture progressed through their cell cycles in synchrony, thus ensuring that our measurements reflected the behavior of individual cells.
At 2 d, all cells were mononucleic (Fig. 1a d), which then fused to form small myotubes at 5 d (Fig. 1A e h) and 8 d (Fig. 1A i l) and then as the culture progressed, longer myotubes (Fig. 1m p) and sheets of longer multi-nucleated myotubes at 14 d (Fig. 1A q t).
Thereafter, a rapid decrease in enzyme activity was detected as the culture progressed.
