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These art patrons, she added, are "proving that France is not only producing art, but that collectors are actually producers of cultural energy, cultural instruments, and that they can be very effective".
"I have a very high respect for our cultural instruments.
The powerful diplomatic, humanitarian, and cultural instruments of the government have slowly withered away, and more power has accrued to the military and those who seek solely military solutions to complex problems.
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This methodology has been used elsewhere for validating cross-cultural instruments [ 16].
The initial objective of the WHOQOL-Dis project was to develop cross-cultural instruments to allow intercultural research.
Further research in health-economics should focus on development of cross-cultural instruments capable of capturing common measures of well-being with a higher grade of sensitivity to minor condition divergences.
The WHOQOL-Bref was originally developed for use as a cross-cultural instrument and validated across 15 field centers worldwide [ 112].
The present study sought to present evidence of validity and reliability of a cross-cultural instrument developed for the assessment of QoL among people with disabilities, as defined by WHO [ 1].
In the first stage of the cross-cultural instrument development process, the GYTS was forward translated without any major problem because the translators had fully discussed the GYTS with a major contributor to the GTSS Collaborating Group during their 2-day GYTS workshop.
The search for a cross-cultural instrument for the assessment of QoL in people with physical and intellectual disabilities (PD and ID) led the WHO to conduct the project called "Quality of Care and Quality of Life for People with Intellectual and Physical Disabilities: Integrated Living, Social Inclusion and Service User Participation Project", also known as the DISQOL project.
The authors discuss the challenges of international studies, including salience of the concept of quality of life, conceptual and cultural equivalence of instruments, identification of culturally relevant concerns, disclosure of private information, and instrument format.
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