Overall, these findings suggest that FGR is currently faced with forest resource degradation, a problem attributed to excessive fuelwood collection, poor grazing management, expansion of crop cultivation, forest fire, harvesting of medicinal herbs, and illegal hunting of game animals.
These include differences in the implementation of land-use data in the terrestrial ecosystem component among models, and whether the model considers emissions and uptake caused by shifting cultivation, wood harvesting, forest degradation, crop harvesting, peat fires, and others.
Even the patchy cultivation of forests has resulted in the development of a mosaic of habitats that can provide new, if small, niches for some species.
Majority of forest loss-gain dynamics is caused by shifting cultivation, while forest losses are most dramatic along the coast, where traditional and new land uses meet and land uses pressures are highest.
Such images may be used for broad purposes, such as tracking long-term trends in the amount of land under cultivation or forest cover.
The area is still recovering from the effects of cultivation, logging, forest clearing and grazing during the 1800s and early 1900s, but the data indicated that most stands now contain sawtimber-sized trees after more than 50 years of secondary succession.
Mean annual temperature is 28° C. Grazing, cultivation and forest in the close vicinity of the measurements are restricted, but the site is not fenced.
These changes are caused primarily by anthropogenic activities, because increasing population has forced people to clear forest for cultivation and for forest products (Girmay et al. 2010).
Introducing communal land-tenure thus changed local norms and practices around forest cultivation and clearing, and produced diverse forests across the landscape.
Dry periods in spring and summer, competition from hardwoods, susceptibility to diseases and pests attacks and forest fires are the main risks for cultivation of planted forests.
